IT2041 – information security question bank Question Bank

 IT2042 information security 

                          Question Bank

IV YEAR IT (A & B)

(7^th Semester)

UNIT I

1. What are the disadvantages of small cells?

a)      Infrastructure

b)      Handover

c)      Frequency

2. What are the benefits of reservation schemes?

a)      Increased no other station is allowed to transit during this slot

b)      Avoidance of congestion.

c)      Waiting time in clearly known.

3. Differentiate between free space loss and path loss.

Free space loss	Path loss
1) Even if no matter exists between the sender and the receiver, signals still experience free space loss.	1) If there exists any matter between the sender and the receiver, then it experiences the path loss.
2) There is a gradual degradation in the strength of the signal with the distance traveled.	2) There is a sudden decrease in the strength of the signal due to obstacles in the path.

4. Define multipath propagation

Radio waves emitted by the sender can either travel along a straight line, or they may be reflected at a large building or scattered at smaller obstacles. This leads to one of the most severe radio channel impairments called multipath propagation.

5. Define dwell time.

The time spent in a channel with a certain frequency is called the dwell time.

6. Why CSMA/CD scheme fails in wireless networks?

CSMA/CD is not really interested in collisions at the sender, but rather in those at the receiver. The sender applies carrier sense and detects an idle medium. The sender starts sending but a collision happens at the receiver due to a second sender. The sender detects no collision and assumes that the data has been transmitted without errors, but a collision might actually have destroyed the data at the mission. The power in the area of the transmitting antenna is several magnitudes higher than the receiving power.

7. Define hidden terminal.

The transmission range of A reaches B but not C. The transmission range of C reaches B but not A. B reaches A and C. A cannot detect C and vice versa.

A starts sending to B, but C does not receive this transmission. C also wants to send something to B and senses the medium. The medium appears to be free, the carrier sense fails. C also starts sending, causing a collision at B. But A can’t detect this collision at B and continues with its transmission. A is hidden for C and vice versa.

8. What is orthogonal and autocorrelation thickness?

Orthogonal: Two vectors are called orthogonal if their inner product is 0. E.g.) the two vectors are(2,5,0) & (0,0,17): (2,5,0)* (0,0,17)=0+0+0.

Autocorrelation: The barker code (+1, -1, +1, +1, -1, +1, +1, +1, -1, -1, -1) for example has a good autocorrelation (i.e.) the inner product with itself is large the result is 11.

9. Mention the merits and demerits of spread spectrum.

Merits:

=>The main advantage is the resistance to narrowband interference.

=>coexistence of several signals without co-ordination.

=>robustness against narrowband interference.

=>relative high frequency.

=>characteristics like background noise.

Demerits:

*Increase in complexity of receivers that have to despread a signal.

*Large frequency band that is needed due to the spreading of the signal.

10. Why can waves with a very low frequency follow the earth’s surface ? Why are they not used for data transmission in computer networks?

The waves with low frequencies follow the earth’s surface and can propagate long distance. Generally, the lower the frequency, the better the penetration.

            Low frequency waves are bent by the atmosphere due to refraction. High frequency waves follow straight line of sight. This enables direct communication with satellites or microwave link on the ground.

11. Why don’t radio waves  always follow a straight line? Why is reflection both

       useful and harmful?

We have a line of sight between the sender and the receiver of the radio signals. Mobile phones are typically used in big cities with skyscrapers, on mountains, inside buildings, while driving through an alley, etc.

Here several effects occur in addition to the attenuation caused by the distance between the sender and the receiver.

Reflection is useful because,

z  It helps transmitting signals as soon as no line of sight exists.

Reflection is harmful because,

z  The reflected signal is not as strong as original, as objects can absorb some of the signal’s power.

12. What are the 3 fundamental propagation behaviors depending on their frequency?

Ê Ground wave

Ê Sky wave

Ê Line of Sight

13. What’s the use of Phase Lock Loop (PLL)?

To receive the signal correctly, the receiver must synchronize in frequency and phase with the transmitter

14. What is OVSF?

Using orthogonal code separation of data streams of a sender UMTS uses so-called orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF).

15. Explain about transparent mode?

The transparent mode transfer simply forwards MAC data without any further processing .The system then has to rely on the FEC which is always used in the radio layer.

16. Specify the steps to be performed during the search for a cell after power on?

þ  Primary synchronization

þ  Secondary synchronization

þ  Identification of the scrambling code.

17. What is browsing channel allocation and fixed channel allocation?

Cells with more traffic are dynamically allotted more frequencies.

This scheme is known as browsing channel allocation, while the first fixed scheme is called fixed channel allocation.

18. What is digital sense multiple access?

The scheme which is used for the packet data transmission service cellular Digital packet Data in the AMPS mobile phone system is also known as digital sense multiple access (DSMA).

19. What is called burst and normal burst?

Data is transmitted in small portions called bursts. Normal burst are used for data transmission inside a slot.

20. What is frequency hopping spread spectrum and mention their variants?

The total available bandwidth is split into many channels of smaller bandwidth plus guard spaces between the channels, hopping take place between the transmitter and receiver staying on one of these channels. This is known as Frequency hopping spread spectrum.

Two variants

? Slow hopping

? Fast hopping

21. What do you mean by spread factor?

It determines the bandwidth of the resulting signal in direct sequence spread spectrum

            S = tb/tc

tb – user bit duration; tc – chip duration

22. What are the types of antennae?

Ø  Theoretical

Ø  Real

Ø  Directional

Ø  Multi-element

Ø  Smart

23. What are the different considerations for a signal to be propagated?

F Transmission Range

F Detection Range

F Interface Range

24. Mention the several effects when a signal is propagated.

]  Blocking or Shadowing

]  Reflection

]  Refraction

]  Scattering

]  Diffraction

    

UNIT II

1)      What are the different types of handovers used in GSM?

Intra-cell handover: Within a cell, narrow-band interference      could make transmission at a certain frequency impossible. The BSC could then decide to change the carrier frequency.

Inter-cell, intra-BSC handover: This is a typical handover scenario. The mobile station moves from one cell to another, but stays within the control of the same BSC.

Inter-BSC, intra-MSC handover: As a BSC only controls a limited number of cells. GSM also has to perform handovers between cells. This has to be controlled by the MSC.

Inter MSC handover: A handover could be required between two cells belonging to different MSCs. Now both MSCs perform the handover together.

2)      What is meant by Inclination angle and Elevation angle?

                   Inclination angle is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the plane described by the satellite orbit.

                   Elevation angle is defined as the angle between the center of the satellite beam and the plane tangential to the earth’s surface.

3)      Write the different types of orbits used in the satellite systems?

·         Geostationary earth orbit(GEO)

·         Medium earth orbit(MEO)

·         Low earth orbit(LEO)

·         Highly elliptical orbit(HEO)

4)      What are different broadcast patterns available to send the data?

·         Flat disk

·         Skewed disk

·         Multi-disk

5)      What is the need of SIM?

The need for SIM is that one can personalize any MS using his or her SIM i.e. user-specific mechanisms like charging and authentication are based on the SIM not on the device itself.

6) How authentication is performed in GSM systems?

Authentication is based on the SIM, which stores the individual authentication key K_j, the user identification IMSI and the algorithm used for authentication A₃. The VLR sends the random value RAND to the SIM. Both sides network and subscriber module perform the same operation with RAND and the K_j called A₃. The MS sends back the SRES (signed response) generated by the SIM. The VLR can now compare both values. If they are the same, the VLR accepts the subscriber, otherwise the subscriber is rejected.

7)  Draw the UMTS architecture

                             U_u                                     I_u

UTRAN- the UTRAN network

UE-User requirement

CN-Core network

U_u-Interface that connects UE and UTRAN

I_u - Interface that connects UTRAN and CN

8)      What is meant by footprint?

A footprint can be defined as the area on earth where the signals of the satellite can be received.

9)      What the two basic transport mechanisms of DAB?

Main service channel (MSC): It carries all user data. The MSC consists of common interleaved frames (CIF) i.e, data fields of 55,296 bits that are sent every 24 ms. A CIF consists of capacity units (CU) with a size of 64 bits which form the smallest addressable unit within a DAB system.

10)  What is MOT? Give its primary goal.

DAB faces a broad range of different receiver capabilities. So to solve this            problem it defines a common standard for data transmission, the multi-media object transfer (MOT) protocol.

The primary goal of MOT is the support of data formats used in other multi-media systems.

11)  What is SUMR?

An important register in satellite networks is the satellite user mapping register (SUMR). This stores the current position of satellites and a mapping of each user to the current satellite through which communication with a user is possible.

12)       Give the two basic reasons for a handover in GSM.

·         The mobile station moves out of the range of a BTS or a certain antenna of a BTS. The received signal level decreases continuously until it falls below the minimal requirements for communication. The error rate may grow due to interference. All these effects may diminish the quality of the radio link.

·         The wired infrastructure may decide that the traffic in one cell is too high and shift some MS to other cells with a lower load. Handover may be due to load balancing.

13)       Give the security services offered by GSM.

·         Access control and authentication

·         Confidentiality

·         Anonymity

14)       What is the primary goal of GSM?

The primary goal of GSM was to provide a mobile phone system that allows users to roam throughout Europe and provides voice services compatible to ISDN and other PSTN systems.

15)       Differentiate GSM and DECT.

GSM	DECT
1. Global systems for mobile communications	1. Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications
2. Range is up to 70km.	2. Range is limited to about 300m.

16)  What are the two new network elements in GPRS architecture?

·         Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN): It is the inter-working unit between the GPRS network and external packet data networks (PDN).

·         Serving GPRS support node (SGSN): It supports the MS.

17)       Describe about MAC layer in DECT architecture.

The medium access control (MAC) layer establishes, maintains and releases channels for higher layers by activating and deactivating physical channels. MAC multiplexes several logical channels onto physical channels. Logical channels exist for signaling network control, user data transmission, paging or sending broadcast messages. Additional services offered include segmentation/reassembly of packets and error control/error correction.

18)       Give the full form for the following:

a)      CKSN

b)      EIR

c)      DTMF

d)     MOC

a)      CKSN- Ciphering key sequence number

b)      EIR- Equipment Identity Register

c)      DTMF- Dual Tone multiple frequency

d)     MOC- Mobile originated call

19)  Describe the three subsystems of GSM.

Radio subsystem (RSS): It comprises all radio specific entities i.e. the mobile stations (MS) and the base station subsystem (BSS).

Networking and switching subsystem (NSS): The heart of the GSM system is formed by the NSS. This connects the wireless network with standard public networks.

Operating subsystem (OSS): It monitors and controls all other network entities.

20)  What are the applications of satellites?

·         Weather forecasting

·         Radio and TV broadcast satellites

·         Military satellites

·         Satellites for navigation

UNIT III

1.      List the advantages of  Wireless LANs

Ø  Flexibility

Ø  Planning

Ø  Design

Ø  Robustness and

Ø  Cost

2.      List the disadvantages of Wireless LANs

¨      Quality of service

¨      Proprietary solutions

¨      Restrictions

¨      Safety and security

3.      What are the advantages and disadvantages of infra red technology?

Advantages:

Ø  It is simple and extremely cheap

Ø  No licenses are needed

Ø  Shielding is very simple

Ø  Electrical devices do not interfere with infra red  

transmission.

                        Disadvantages:

Ø  It has low bandwidth compared to other LAN technologies.

Ø  It cannot penetrate walls or other obstacles.

Ø  For good transmission quality and high data rates a LOS, i.e., direct connection is needed.

4.      Explain briefly about an infrastructure network

Infrastructure networks not only provide access to other networks, but also include forwarding functions, medium access control etc. In these infrastructure-based wireless networks, communication typically takes place only between the wireless nodes and the access point, but not directly between the wireless nodes.

5.      Explain briefly about an Ad-hoc network

Ad-hoc wireless networks do not need any infrastructure to work. Each node can communicate directly other nodes, so no access point controlling medium access is necessary. Nodes within an ad-hoc network can only communicate if they can reach each other physically, i.e., if they are within each others radio range.

6.      What are the basic tasks of the MAC layer?

·         Medium access

·         Fragmentation of user data

·         Encryption

7.      What are the basic services provided by the MAC layer?

Ø  Asynchronous data service (mandatory)

Ø  Time-bounded service (optional)

8.      List the basic access mechanisms defined for IEEE 802.11

]  The mandatory basic method based on a version of CSMA/CA

]  An optional method avoiding the hidden terminal problem

]  A contention-free polling method for time bounded service.

9.      What is the basic idea of IEEE 802.11 power management?

The basic idea is to switch off the transceiver whenever it is not needed. Switching off the transceiver should be transparent to existing protocols and should be flexible enough to support different applications. The power saving includes two states for a station: Sleep and awake, and buffering of data in senders.

10.  What are the techniques used for MAC management?

? Synchronization

? Power management

? Roaming

? Management information base(MIB)

11.Define beacon?

                        Beacon frame is used to convey timing information within a BSS.It contains a timestamp and other management information used for power management and roaming.The timestamp is used by the node to adjust its local clock.

12.What are the handovers in hiperLAN?

                        The handovers in hiperLAN are

                                    *Sector handover

                                    *Radio handover

                                    * Network handover

13.Distinguish infrastructure and adhoc  networks?

Infrastructure networks	adhoc  networks
Communication takes place only between a wireless node and an access point	Communication takes place only between two wireless nodes
The wireless node is simple as functionality is based on the access point	The wireless node is complex
Can forward messages across networks	Can forward messages only within the specified range

14.Why is physical layer in IEEE802.11 subdivided ? What are its sublayers?

                        The physical layer in IEEE802.11 is subdivided because a sublayer has to be dependant on the upper layers (architecture dependant)and  the other has to be medium dependant. The two sublayers are namely,

                        *Physical layer convergence protocol

                        * Physical medium dependant sublayer

15.Define MSDU lifetime?

                        MSDU lifetime is used to provide time bounded service which specifies the maximum time that can elapse between sending and receiving a MSDU. It has a range of 0-16000 ms.

16.What are the  elements in core protocols in Bluetooth?

                        The  elements in core protocols in Bluetooth are,

                                    *Radio

                                    *Baseband

                                    *Link Manager protocol

                                    *Logical Link control and adaptation protocol

                                    *Service discovery protocol

1 7.What are the low power states in Bluetooth?

                        The low power states in Bluetooth are

                                    *Sniff state

                                    *Hold state

                                    *Park state

18.Define SDP?

                        SDP stands for Service discovery protocol.SDP defines the discovery of services enabled by a SDP server which has some information about the list of services available called the service record.

19.What is EY-NPMA?

                        EY-NPMA stands for Elimination-yield non preemptive priority multiple access which is the heart of channel access providing priorities and different access mechanisms.

                       

20.What do you mean by ESSID?

                        ESSID means Extended Service Set Identifier.It is the name of the network and is used to separate two networks.Without knowing ESSID it is impossible to participate in a WLAN.

UNIT IV

1.What are the two possibilities  for the location of the Care-of address(COA)?

 

                        Foreign agent COA:The COA could be located at the Foreign Agent.i.e;the  COA is an IP address of the FA.The FA is the tunnel end-point and forwards packets  to the Mobile Node.

                        Co-located COA:The COA is co-located if the MN temporarily acquired an additional IP address which acts as COA.This address is now topologically correct, and the tunnel end point is at the MN.Co-located addresses can be acquired using services such as DHCP

 

2.What are the three alternatives for the implementation of Home Agent(HA)?

 

                        The HA can be implemented

*on a router that is responsible for the home network.

            *on an arbitrary node in the subnet

            *again on the router.But here the router acts as a manager for MNs belonging to a virtual home network.

 

3.What is generic routing encapsulation?

 

                        Generic routing encapsulation  allows the  encapsulation of packets of one protocol suite into the payload portion  of a packet of another protocol suiteThis  encapsulation  supports other network layer protocols in addition to IP.

 

4.What are the four  additional messages in optimized mobile  IP Protocol?

 

        Binding request

        Binding update

        Binding acknowledgement

        Binding warning

 

5.What are the disadvantages of Cellular IP?

 

       Efficiency:Additional network load is induced by forwarding packets on multiple paths

       Transparency: Changes to Mobile Nodes are required

       Security:Routing tables are changed based on messages sent by mobile nodes

 

6.What is the function performed by Mobility anchor point(MAP)?

 

                        MAP is responsible for a certain domain and acts as a local Home Agent within this domainfor visiting Mobile Nodes.The MAP receives all packets on behalf of the Mobile Node,encapsulates and forwards them directly to the Mobile Node’s current address.As long as a Mobile Node stays within the domain of a MAP,the globally visible COA does not change.

 

7.What is the use of dynamic host configuration protocol?

 

                        The dynamic host configuration protocol is mainly used to simplify the installation and maintenance of networked computers.If a new computer is connected to a network, DHCP can provide it with all the necessary information for full system integration into the network.

 

8.What is meant by destination sequence distance vector?

 

                        Destination sequence distance vector(DSDV) routing is an enhancement to distance vector routing for ad-hoc networks.  Distance vector routing is used as routing information protocol in wired networks.DSDV adds sequence numbers and dambling to the distance vector algorithm.

 

9.What do you mean by dampling in DSDV?

 

                        Transient changes in topology that are of short duration should not destabilize the routing mechanisms.Advertisements containing changes in the topology currently stored are therefore not disseminated further.A node waits with dissemination if these changes are probably unstable.Waiting time depends on the time between the first and best announcement of a path to a certain destination.

 

10. How does Dynamic source routing divide the task of routing?

 

                        Dynamic source routing divides the task of routing into two separate problems:

Route discovery:A node only tries to discover a route to a destination if it has to send something to this destination and there is currently no known route.

Route maintenance:If a node is continuously sending packets via a route,it has to make sure that the route is held upright.As soon as a node detects problems with the current route,it has to find an alternative.

 

11.What is the goal of a mobile IP?

 

                        The goal of a mobile IP can be summarized as: supporting end-system mobility while maintaining scalability,efficiency,and compatibility in all respects with existing applications and Internet protocols.

 

12.What is the use of Mobile Node?

                       

                        A mobile node is an end-system or router that can change its point of attachment to the internet using mobile IP.The MN keeps its IP address and can continuously communicate with any other system in the internet as long as link-layer connectivity is given.Mobile nodes are not necessarily small devices such as laptops with antennas or mobile phones; a router onboard an aircraft can be a powerful mobile node.

 

13.What are the services provided by a foreign agent(FA)?

 

                        The FA can provide several services to the MN during its visit to the foreign network.The  FA can have the Care-of address acting as tunnel point and forwarding packets  to the MN.The FA can be the default router for the MN. FAs can also provide security services.

 

14.What are the entities and terminologies in mobile IP?

 

        Mobile Node

        Correspondent node

        Home network

        Foreign network

        Foreign agent

        Care-of address

        Home agent

 

15.What are encapsulation and decapsulation?

           

                        Encapsulation is the mechanism of taking a packet consisting of packet header and data and putting it into the data part of a new packet.The  reverse operation, taking a packet out of the data part of another packet,is called decapsulation.Encapsulation and decapsulation are the operations typically performed when a packet is transferred from a higher protocol layer to a lower layer or from a lower to a higher layer respectively.

 

16.What are the problems associated  with reverse tunneling?

 

        Firewalls

        Multi-cast

        TTL

 

17.What are the disadvantages of Cellular IP?

 

        Efficiency: Additional network load is induced by forwarding packets on multiple paths.

        Transparency: Changes to MNs are required

        Security: Routing tables are changed based on messages sent by mobile nodes.Additionally,all systems in the network can easily obtain a copy of  all packets destined for an MN by sending packets with the MN’s source address to the cellular IP gateway.

 

18.What are the advantages of HAWALI?

 

 

        Security: Challenge-response extensions are mandatory.In contrast to Cellular IP,routing changes are always initiated by the foreign domain’s infrastructure.

        Transparency: HAWALI is mostly transparent to mobile nodes.

 

 

19. What are the disadvantages of HAWALI?

 

 

        Security: There are no provisions regarding the setup of IPSec tunnels.

        Implementation: No private address support is possible because of co-located Care-of Addresses

 

20.What is the use of sequence numbers in DSDV?

 

                        Each routing advertisement comes with a sequence number.Within ad-hoc networks,advertisements may propagate along many paths.Sequence numbers help to apply the advertisements in correct order.This avoids the loops that are likely with the unchanged distance vector algorithm

UNIT V

1. What is the function of transport layer in WAP?

The transport layer offers a bearer independent, consistent datagram-oriented service to the higher layers of the WAP architecture. Communication is done transparently over one of the available bearer services.

2. What is the use of WCMP?

The wireless control message protocol provides error handling mechanisms for WDP. WCMP is used for diagnostic and informational purposes. It is used by WDP nodes and gateways to report errors.

3. What are the advantages of WTP?

WTP offers several advantages to higher layers, including an improved reliability over datagram services, improved efficiency over connection-oriented services and support for transaction-oriented services such as web browsing.

4. How is reliability achieved in WTP?

WTP achieves reliability using duplicate removal, retransmission, acknowledgements and unique transaction identifiers.

5. What are the service primitives offered by WTP?

                                    The three service primitives offered by WTP are    

o   TR-Invoke to initiate a new transaction

o   TR-Result to send back the result of a previously initiated transaction

o   TR-Abort to abort an existing transaction.

6. What are the features offered by WSP?

WSP offers certain features for content exchange between cooperating clients and servers:

]  Session management

]  Capability negotiation

]  Content encoding.

7. What are the features offered by WSP/B?

In addition to the general features of WSP, WSP/B offers the following features adapted to web browsing:

? HTTP/1.1 functionality

? Exchange of session headers

? Push and pull data transfer

? Asynchronous requests

8. What is meant by WML?

The wireless markup language(WML) is based on the standard HTML known from the www and on HDML. WML is specified as an XML document type. WML follows a deck and card metaphor.

9. What are the capabilities of WMLScript?

                     WMLScript offer several capabilities:

Ê Validity check of user input

Ê Access to device facilities

Ê Local user interaction

Ê Extension to the device software

10. Define WTA

Wireless telephony application (WTA) is a collection of telephony specific extensions for call and feature control mechanisms, merging data networks and voice networks.

11. Define XHTML

XHTML is the extensible hypertext mark-up language developed by the w3c to replace and enhance the currently used HTML.

12. What do you mean by MMS?

The multimedia messaging service (MMS) transfers asynchronous multi-media content. MMS supports different media types such as JPEG, GIF, text and AMR coded audio. There is no fixed upper bound for the message size. Depending on the network operator and device capabilities typical sizes are 30-100 Kbytes.

13. What are the two functions of transport layer in the internet ?

1)      Checksumming over user data.

2)      Multiplexing/Demultiplexing from /to applications.

14. Distinguish TCP& UDP ?                                                                                                                                    

TCP	UDP
1) Connection oriented protocol	Connection less protocol
2) TCP is network friendly	UDP is not network friendly
3) TCP guarantees in-order delivery or reliable data transmission using Retransmission techniques.	Does not pull back in  case of congestion to send packets in to an already congested network.

                                   

                                   

15. What is congestion & how it is identified in TCP?

When there is a temporary overload at some point in the transmission path it is referred to as congestion. Congestion result in packet loss. If acknowledgement does not arrive in time or if any acknowledgement is missing, TCP assumes network congestion.

                                                                                                                       

16. How congestion is controlled in TCP?

TCP shows a behavior after congestion is called slow start. The sender has a congestion window & congestion threshold for receiver. For each acknowledgement the window size is increased exponentially until the congestion threshold & then it increases linearly (by 1). When congestion occurs the threshold is reduced to half its current size.

17. State whether standard TCP alone support mobile users or wireless links and why?

No, standard TCP alone cannot support wireless links because wireless links have much higher error rates compared to wired links. The link layer may try to correct errors which results in higher delays and mobility (Handover between access points) may result in packet loss. In both cases standard TCP goes into slow start state.

18. State some of the classical solutions to improve the efficiency of TCP in wireless?

1)      Indirect TCP (I-TCP)

2)      Snooping TCP

3)      Mobile TCP(M-TCP)

4)      Fast retransmit/font recovery

5)      Transmission/time –out freezing

6)      Selective retransmission

7)      Transaction oriented TCP.

19. What is indirect TCP?

                        Indirect TCP segments a TCP connection in 2 parts

·         Fixed part

·         Wireless part.

20. What are the steps to be taken by I-TCP when hand over take place?

1)      The old proxy must forward buffered data to new proxy

2)      After registration with new foreign agent, the new foreign agent informs the old one about its location to enable packet forwarding.

3)      The sockets of proxy must mitigate to the new foreign agent located in the access point.

16 MARKS

1.Explain in detail about Signal Propagation.

«  Path loss of radio signals

v  Ground wave

v  Sky wave

v  Line-of-sight

«  Additional Signal propagation effects

v   Blocking (or) Shadowing, Reflection, Refraction, Scattering, Diffraction

«  Multi-path propagation

v  Delay Spread

v  Intersymbol Interference

v  Short-term fading, long-term fading

v  Doppler Shift

2.      Write a brief note about multiplexing.

«  Space division multiplexing

v  Guard space

v  disadvantages

«  Frequency division multiplexing

v  Adjacent Channel Interference

v  disadvantages

«  Time division multiplexing

v  Guard spaces

v  Co-channel Interference

v  Advantages, disadvantages

«  Code division multiplexing

v  Guard spaces- orthogonal codes

v   Advantages, disadvantages

3.      What is modulation? Explain in detail.

«  Introduction

v  Digital modulation, Analog modulation

v  Antennas

v  Frequency division Multiplexing

v  Medium Characteristics

v  Spectral efficiency, Power efficiency, Robustness

«  Amplitude Shift Keying

v  Advantages, disadvantages, Applications

«  Frequency Shift Keying

v  Binary FSK

v  Continuous Phase Modulation

«  Phase Shift Keying

v  Binary PSK

v  Phase lock loop

«  Advanced Frequency Shift Keying

v  Minimum Shift Keying, Gaussian MSK

«  Advanced Phase Shift Keying

v  Quadrature PSK

·         Reference signal

·         Differential QPSK

v  Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

«  Multi-carrier modulation

v  Advantages

4.      Briefly demonstrate the concept of spread spectrum.

«  Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

v  Chipping Sequence

v  Pseudo-noise Sequence

v  Spreading factor

v  DSSS transmitter & receiver

«  Frequency hopping Spread Spectrum

v  Hopping Sequence

v  Dwell Time

v  Slow & Fast Hopping

v  FHSS transmitter & receiver

5.      Describe in detail about cellular systems.

«  Base Station, cell

«  Advantages

v  Higher capacity, less transmission power, local interference only, Robustness

«  Disadvantages

v  Infrastructure needed, Handover needed, Frequency planning

«  Clusters, sectorized antennas, Borrowing Channel Allocation(BCA), Fixed Channel Allocation(FCA), Dynamic Channel Allocation(DCA)

6.      Describe the mobile services provided by GSM in detail.

«  Bearer Services

v  Transparent & Non- transparent Bearer Services

«  Tele Services

v  Telephony

v  Emergency number

v  Short Message Service

v  Enhanced Message Service

v  Multimedia Message Service

v  Group 3 fax

«  Supplementary Services

v  Typical services

7.      Explain in detail about the GSM architecture.

«  Radio Subsystem

v  Base Station Subsystem

v  Base Transceiver Station

v  Base Station Controller

v  Mobile Station

·         Subscriber Identity Module

·         Personal Identity Number, PIN Unblocking Key

«  Network and Switching Subsystem

v  Mobile Services Switching center

v  Home Location register

v  Visitor Location register

«  Operation Subsystem

v  Operation and Maintenance center

v  Authentication center

v  Equipment Identity Register

8.      Briefly explain about GPRS

Ø  GPRS concepts

§  Time slots

Ø  PTP packet transfer service

Ø  QoS profile

Ø  Delay

Ø  GPRS architecture

§  GSN

Ø  Mobility management

9.      Give a detailed explanation about DECT

«  System  architecture

v  Global network

v  Local network

v  Home database, visitor database

«  Protocol architecture

v  Physical layer

v  Medium access control layer

v  Data link control layer

v  Network layer

10.  Explain briefly about Satellite systems

«  History

v  SPUTNIK

v  SYNCOM

v  INTELSAT1

«  Applications

v  Weather forecasting, Radio & TV broadcast satellites, military satellites, satellites for navigation.

v  Global telephone backbone, connections for remote or developing areas, global mobile communication

«  Basics

v  Fg=Fc

v  Inclination angle, elevation angle

v  Footprint

v  GEO(Geostationary Earth Orbit)

·         Advantages, disadvantages

v  LEO(Low Earth Orbit)

·         Advantages, disadvantages

v  MEO(Medium Earth Orbit)

·         Advantages, disadvantages

v  HEO(Highly Elliptical Orbit)

·         Advantages, disadvantages

«  Routing

«  Localization

v  Home Location register(HLR)

v  Visitor Location register (VLR)

v  Satellite user mapping register(SUMR)

«  Handover.

v  Intra-satellite, inter-satellite, Gateway, Intersystem handover

11.  Explain the types of broadcasting in detail.

«  Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)

v  Transport mechanisms

·         Main Service Channel

·         Fast Information Channel

v  Multi-media object Transfer protocol

·         Header core, Header extension, Body

·         Object repetition, Interleaved objects, segment repetition, Header repetition

«  Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB)

v  Contents of DVB

·         Network Information Table, Service Description table, Event Information table, Time and date table

v  DVB Data Broadcasting

·         Data pipe, Data Streaming,, multiprotocol encapsulation, data carousels, object carousels.

v  DVB for high-speed Internet access

12.  Give a detailed description about the physical layer of IEEE 802.11

«  Frequency hopping Spread Spectrum

v  Functions

·         Synchronization, Start frame delimiter, PLCP_PDU length word, PLCP signaling field, Header error check

«  Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

·         Synchronization, Start frame delimiter, signal, Service, Length, Header error check

«  Infra red

13.  Make a detailed description about MAC management.

«  Synchronization

v  Timing Synchronization function

v  Beacon

v  Beacon transmission in

·         Infrastructure network

·         Ad-hoc network

«  Power management

v  Sleep & awake states

v  Power management in

·         Infrastructure network

E Traffic indication map

E Delivery Traffic indication map

E PS(power saving) poll

·         Ad-hoc network

E Ad-hoc Traffic indication map

v  Roaming

·         Steps

E Scanning

E Passive & active scanning

E Association request

E Association response

E Updation of database

14.  Explain briefly about HIPERLAN1

«  Phases

v  Prioritization

v  Elimination

v  Yield

v  Transmission

«  Quality of Service support and other specialities

v  MSDU Lifetime

v  Power Conservation

v  Encryption, decryption

15.  Give a short description of the Bluetooth architecture

«  Networking

v  Piconet

v  Scatternet

«  Protocol stack

v  Core specifications, profile specifications

v  Core protocols

·         Link manager protocol, Logical link control & adaptation protocol, service discovery protocol

v  Cable replacement protocol, telephony control protocol specification

v  Host controller interface

16.  What are the advantages and disadvantages of WLANs? Explain.

«  Advantages

v  Flexibility

v  Planning

v  Design

v  Robustness

v  Cost

«  Disadvantages

v  Quality of service

v  Proprietary solutions

v  Restrictions

v  Safety and security

17.   Briefly explain about the goals, assumptions and requirements of mobile IP.

«  Quick ‘solutions’

«  Requirements

v  Compatibility

v  Transparency

v  Scalability and efficiency

v  Security

18.  Give a detailed note about tunneling and optimization in mobile IP.

«  Tunneling & Encapsulation

v  IP-in-IP encapsulation

v  Minimal encapsulation

v  Generic routing encapsulation

«  Optimization

v  Triangular routing, binding cache

v  Four additional messages

·         Binding request

·         Binding update

·         Binding acknowledgement

·         Binding warning

«  Reverse tunneling

v  Firewalls

v  Multi-cast

v  TTL

19.  Explain the concept of routing in MANET

«  Fundamental differences between wired & wireless ad-hoc networks

v  Asymmetric links

v  Redundant links

v  Interference

v  Dynamic topology

«  Problems with ad-hoc routing

v  Need for algorithms with high dynamic topology

v  Information from lower layers essential

v  Centralized approaches will not work

v  Efficient routing capabilities are needed

v  Notion of connection with certain characteristics will not work

v  Flooding

20.  Write short notes on DSR and DSDV

«  Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

v  2 phases in routing

·         Route discovery

·         Route Maintenance

v  Basic operation

v  Optimization of the basic algorithm

v  Approaches for Route Maintenance

«  Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV)

v  Sequence numbers

v  Damping

v  Routing table

21.  Give a detailed explanation about Agent Discovery and registration of mobile IP.

«  Agent advertisement.

v  Agent advertisement message

v  Agent advertisement packet

·         Type

·         #addresses

·         Lifetime

·         Preference

·         Length, bits

«  Agent solicitation

v  Three solicitations: one per second

v  Decrease solicitations exponentially

v  Registration

22.  Give a detailed view of traditional TCP.

«  Congestion Control

v  Dropped packet

v  Retransmission of missing packet

«  Slow Start

v  Congestion window

v  Congestion threshold

v  Exponential growth

«  Fast retransmit/ Fast recovery

«  Implications on mobility

v  Error rates

v  Packet loss

23.  Explain indirect TCP in detail.

«  Socket and state migration after handover of a mobile host

«  Advantages

v  No change in TCP protocol

v  Transmission errors on wireless links cannot propagate into the fixed network

v  Different solutions can be tested without jeopardizing the stability of the internet

v  Uses precise time-outs to guarantee retransmissions as fast as possible

v  Partitioning  allows the use of different transport layer protocol

«  Disadvantages

v  Loss of end-to-end semantics of TCP might cause problems

v  Increased handover latency may be problematic

v  FA must be a trusted entity.

24.  Give a detailed description about Mobile TCP.

«  2 parts

v  Unmodified TCP

v  Optimized TCP

«  Persistent mode

«  Bandwidth manager

«  Advantages

«  Disadvantages

25.  Describe in detail about WAP architecture

«  Bearer services

v  Transport layer Service Access point (T-SAP)

«  Security layer

v  Security SAP (SEC-SAP)

«  Transaction layer

v  Transaction SAP (TR-SAP)

«  Session layer

v  Session-SAP (S-SAP)

«  Application layer

v  Integration of www and mobile telephony applications

«  Integration of WAP components