ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION, UTILISATION AND CONSERVATION TWO MARKS

UNI T - I I

PART A

1. Define demand factor.

It is defined as the ratio of max. demand on the power station to its connected load Demand factor = maximum demand / connected load

2. Define load factor

It is the ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period

Load factor = average load / maximum demand

  

3. What is load curve?

A curve showing the load demand of a consumer against time in hours of the day

is known as load curve

4. Draw the load duration curve. 

5. What is tariff?

Different methods of charging consumers are known as tariff or rates of payment

for the consumption of electricity.

6. How can we calculate the cost of electricity?

Sum all the operating expenses for each year of operation - fuel, O&M,

consumables, etc. Add the carrying cost of capital - Total capacity x Fixed Charge Rate

Divide by Kwh's produced in the year Yields average annual cost of electricity THB/Kwh

7. What is two part tariff?

When the rate of electrical energy is changed on the basis of maximum demand

on the consumer and the units consumed, then it is called two part tariff.

8. What is energy efficient drive?

The concept of energy efficient design has develops to challenge the efficiency of

induction motor especially for the rating of 37 Kw.

9. Mention the role of energy audit

An energy audit establishes both where and how the energy is being used and

the potential for energy saving.

10. What are the types of energy audit?

Preliminary energy audit

Detailed energy audit

11. How to improve the power factor?

Installing static power capacities  Operating synchronous motor in one excited condition Installing static VAR compensator.

12. Draw the demand charges curve                     

13. What is meant by flickers?

The variation of input voltage that is insufficient duration to allow visual

vibration of a change in electric light source intensity.

14. Why some utilities have cheaper rates in the evenings?

That's because it's harder for them to reach peak demand during the day when everyone's running AC. So they might charge less in the evenings to try to get you to move some of your consumption (like laundry machines) outside of those daytime hours. And even if your utility doesn't have cheaper rates at night, if you're utility has a  demand charge it could pay to shift your laundry to the evenings, because running laundry + air conditioning at the same time results in a higher demand.

15. What is the long term perspective of the price of electricity?

The price of the Kilo Watt reacted slowly for two reasons which I shall sosummarize:

Most of the private producers signed contracts of delivery for very long term

(20 - 30 years) for a majority of their production.When the production of electricity is dealt with by nationalized producers, the State prevents the prices from rising too fast by subsidizing more or less directly.Nevertheless, both positions can be only temporary, because a private

company cannot produce infinitely at a loss and a State cannot pay ad Vitam æternam charges her of electricity of her taxpayers.

16. What is the capital cost of power plant?

This includes the cost of land, building, and equipment installation, designing and planning of the plant. It depends upon the type and location of plant.

17. What are the economics nuclear power plants?

Nuclear power is cost competitive with other forms of electricity generation, except where there is direct access to low-cost fossil fuels.

Fuel costs for nuclear plants are a minor proportion of total generating costs, though capital costs are greater than those for coal-fired plants and much greater than those for gas-fired plants. Ste disposal costs are taken into account.

18. What is financing cost?

Financing costs will depend on the rate of interest on debt, the debt-equity ratio, and

if it is regulated, how the capital costs are recovered.

19. What is operating cost?

Operating costs include operating and maintenance (O&M) plus fuel, and need to

allow for a return on equity.

20. What is meant by depreciation?

The wear and tear of the equipment with use, the corrosion and ageing of metals and the deterioration of insulation with time, will reduce the cost of the equipment