Anna University EEE EVS GE 2201 Environmental Science and Engineering 2 Marks and 16 Marks Important Questions
Anna University EEE EVS GE 2201 Environmental Science and Engineering 2 Marks and 16 Marks Important Questions from all 5 Units for 3rd Semester EEE Department are provided here below. We will Provide all the Important Questions all all Departments B.Tech EEE here for Anna University Time To Time. Keep visit our website for all Important Questions and Answer Time To Time from here. All the Best to all the students who are going to appear for the examination.
UNIT III Part A
1. Define Air pollution.
Air pollution may be defined as the presence of impurities in excessive quantity and duration to cause adverse effects on plants, animals, human beings and materials.
2. What are the different sources of air pollution?
The two main sources of air pollution are
a. Natural Sources
b Man made or anthropogenic sources
Natural sources include dust storms, volcanoes, lightening sea salt, smoke, forest fires, etc.
The man made sources are agricultural activities, industrial growth, domestic wastes, automobile exhausts, etc,
3. What do you know about particulate?
In general the term ‘particulate’ refers to all atmospheric substances that are not gases. They can be suspended droplets or solid particles or mixtures of the two. Particulates can be composed of materials ranging in size from 100mm down 0.1 mm and less. The chemical composition of particulate pollutants is very much dependent upon the origin of the particulate.
4. What are the prime sources of particulate matter?
i. Coal fired power plants
ii. Automobiles
5. Define suspended particulate matter?
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is a complex mixture of small and large particles with size less than 100u varying origin and chemical composition.
6. Differentiate between Mist and Fog.
Mist
Mist is made up of liquid droplets generally smaller than 10um which are formed by condensation in the atmosphere or are released from industrial operations.
Fog
Fog is similar to mist but the droplet size bigger (> 10u) and water is the liquid.
Fog is sufficiently dense to incomprehensible vision.
7. What are gaseous pollutants?
These are toxic and poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide, chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulphate, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide.
8. What are the major sources of air pollution from automobiles?
The major sources of air pollution from automobiles are
Exhaust pipe ->70%
Crank case emission ->20%
Evaporations from fuel tank and Carburetor ->10%
9. What are effects of air pollution on animals?
Animals take up fluorides of air through plants. Their milk production falls and their teeth and bones are affected. They are also prone to lead poisoning and paralysis.
10. List some of the effects of air pollution on physical properties of atmosphere.
• Decrease in the visibility
• Reduction of Solar radiation
• Effects on weather conditions
• Effects on atmospheric constituents
11. Briefly describe about the impacts of carbon monoxide on human health.
At lower doses, they can impair concentration and neurobehavioral function whereas in higher doses they can cause heart pain and even death. When inhaled it has the ability to combine with haemoglobin of blood and reduce its ability in transfer of oxygen to the brain, heart, and other important organs. But carboxy haemoglobin contents of blood depend on the CO contents of the air inhale, time of exposure and the activity of the person inhaling. It is particularly dangerous to babies and people with heart disease.
12. How air pollution can be controlled at source?
• Proper use of the exhaustion equipment
• Change in process
• Modification or Replacement of equipments
• Installation of controlling equipments
13. What are the gaseous control equipments?
• Wet and dry adsorption
• Combustion or Catalytic incineration
14. What are the particulate control equipments?
• Gravitational settling chambers
• Cyclone separators
• Fabric filters (or) Bag filters
• Electrostatic precipitators
• Wet scrubbers (or) Wet collectors
15. What are bag filters?
Bag filters are the woven or non-woven fabrics used to filter the particulate laden gases. These generally of tubular shape or envelope shape. Its efficiency is about 99% and it can be used to remove particular small as 0.0mm
16. What are the factors to be considered in selection of type or fabric in fabric filters?
• Temperature of the gas
• Costiveness or abrasiveness of the particles
17. Name some of the types of wet scrubbers?
• Spray towers
• Centrifugal scrubbers
• Venturi scrubbers and
• Packed bed columns
18. Define water pollution.
Water pollution is defined as any physical, chemical or biological change in quality of water that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes the water unsuitable for needs.
19. How can you differentiate point Source from non-point source of pollution?
Point sources discharge pollutant at a specific place through pipe lines, sewer lines, or ditches into water bodies. Non point sources discharge pollutants from large and scattered area. These sources have no specific location.
20. What are the effects of inorganic substances in water?
• Makes the water unfit for drinking and other purposes.
• Corrosion of metals exposed to such waters.
• Causes skin cancers, damages to spinal, CNS, liver and kidneys.
• Reduces crop yield.
21. How do the nutrients from agricultural fields affect the watershed?
Enrichment of nutrients (Eutrophication) from surrounding watershed affects the penetration of light through the water, causing damage to the characteristic of water and aquatic life.
22. Define soil pollution.
The introduction of substances, biological organisms, or energy into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil quality, which is likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering public health and the living environment.
23. Define marine pollution.
Marine pollution is defined as “Introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy in to the marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such destructive effects harm to living resources, hazard to human health, hindrance to marine activities including fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea-water, and reduction of amenities.”
24. What is the cause of noise pollution?
· Road traffic noise
· Air traffic noise
· Rail traffic noise
· Domestic noise
· Industrial noise
· Incompatible land use
25. How can you define thermal pollution?
‘The excessive raising or lowering of water temperature above or below normal seasonal ranges in streams, lakes, or estuaries or oceans as the result of discharge of hot or cold effluents in to such water’.
26. What are solid wastes?
The wastes generated and discarded from human and animal activities that are normally solid are called as solid wastes.
27. What are solid know about on –site handling?
The activities involved in handling of solid wastes, at the point of generation, until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection are called as on –site handling. Handling requires to move the filled containers to the collection point and to return the empty containers to the generation point for the next collection.
28. What is the purpose of on-site processing?
On-site processing of solid wastes is used to recover the reusable materials from the solid wastes. This process also helps in reducing the volume of solid wastes or altering the physical form of the solid wastes.
29. Name any three on-rite processing methods.
· Manual sorting
· Compaciton
· Incineration
30. What are the types of municipal solid wastes collection system?
• Hauled container
• Stationary container systems
31. Mention the three types of containers used in collection of municipal wastes.
· Tilt frame container
· Hoist truck
· Trash trailer
32. What are the main purposes of processing techniques used in solid waste management?
• To improve the efficiency of solid waste management systems
• To recover the usable materials for reuse.
• To recover conversion products and energy.
33. List out the techniques of processing of solid wastes.
• Compaction (Mechanical volume reduction)
• Incineration (Chemical volume reduction)
• Shredding (Mechanical size reduction)
• Component separation
• Drying and Dewatering (Moisture content reduction).
34. Name some of the mechanical separation methods of solid wastes?
• Air separation
• Magnetic separation
• Screening
35. List out the three types of system used in the collection of wastewater.
· Seperation System
· Combined System
· Partially Separate system
36. What is the main objective of sludge digestion?
To break the organic matter of the sludge into liquid and sample compounds which are stable and unfold in nature.
37. How can you define hazardous wastes?
Wastes that create danger to the living community, immediately or over a period of time, are called as hazardous wastes.
38. Define half-life period.
The half-life of a radioactive substance is defined as the time taken for decaying of half of the material present.
39. What are biomedical wastes?
Any solid, semi solid or liquid waste including its containers and any intermediate product which are generated during diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human being/ animals or in production and testing of biological parts.
40. Can you list out some of the benefits of pollution prevention?
· Minimizes health risks.
· Reduces the production of pollutants to a minimum or eliminates them.
· Accelerates the reduction or elimination of pollutants.
· Helps avoid transferring pollutants from one medium to another, thereby preventing diffusion in the environment.
· Helps promote a more effective use of energy, materials and resources.
41. Define tsunami.
A tsunami (pronounced tsoo- nah-mee) is a wave train, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that vertically displaces the water.
Part B
1. What are the different sources and types of air pollutants?
i. Natural Sources
ii. Man made or anthropogenic sources
2. How do you control air pollution?
i. Dilution
ii. Control at source
3. What do you know about soil pollution? What are the different sources of soil pollution?
Definition
Sources
Urban wastes
Industrial wastes
Agricultural
Soil conditioners
Farm house wastes
Radioactive wastes
Biological agents
4. What are the different sources of marine pollution?
i. Land based sources
ii. Air based sources
iii. Maritime transportation
iv. Dumping of wastes
v. Offshore production
5. What are the causes of noise pollution?
i. Road traffic noise
ii. Air traffic noise
iii. Rail traffic noise
iv. Domestic noise
v. Industrial noise
vi. Incompatible land use noise
6. Explain clearly about the stages of solid waste management.
i. Generation
ii. Online handling and processing
iii. Collection and Transportation
iv. Processing
v. Disposal
7. What are the important stages of hazardous waste management?
i. Storage
ii. Collection and transportation
iii. Treatment
iv. Disposal
UNIT IV
Part A
1. State the declaration about the sustainable development.
The Rio declaration states that, “human beings are at the center or concern for sustainable development. They are entitled to a health and productive life in harmony with the nature. Every generation should leave air, water and soil resources without any pollution as pure as it came to the Earth.”
2. Define sustainable development.
Sustainable Development is defined as,’ the development to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’
3. What are the three important components of sustainable development?
The three important components of sustainable development are
i. Economic development (like industrial development, creating job opportunities, utilization of natural resources for developing the quality of life)
ii. Community development (providing food, shelter, cloth, education, and other essentials for the human beings).
iii. Environmental protection (providing clear air, water and environment for the present and future generations and utilization of resources in a sustainable manner).
4. Define sustainable development indicators?
Sustainable development Indicators (SDI) is various statistical values that collectively measure the capacity to meet present and future needs. SDI will provide information crucial to decisions on national policy and to the general public.
5. What are the uses of sustainable development indicators?
The indicators are used by decision makers and the policy makers at all levels in order to monitor the progress towards attaining sustainable development. These are also used to increase focus on the sustainable development.
6. Define sustainability.
Sustainability can be defined as the ability of a society or ecosystem to continue functioning into the indefinite future without being forced into decline through complete loss of its strength or overloading of key resources on which that system depends.
7. Define resistance stability and resilience stability.
Resistance stability is the ability of a system to remain stable in the face of stresses and Resilience stability of the system to recover from the disturbance occurred due to the activities happened.
8. List some of the characteristics of a sustainable society.
i. All the material processes will be designed to be of cyclic nature.
ii. There will not be any waste material or pollution of air, water, land and environment.
iii. The output from one system will be used as input to other systems.
iv. Only renewable energy will be used in the society, either directly or in the forms of hydro-power, wind power solar power and biomass.
v. The human population will be either stable in size or gradually declining.
9. Define urbanization.
Urbanization is defined as ‘the process movement of human population from rural areas to urban areas in search in search of better economic interests with better education, communication, health, civic facilities and other day to day needs.’
10. What are problems or discomforts faced by rural people?
. Lack of modernization of agricultural sector
. Lack of job opportunities
. Poor life style
. Poor health facilities
. Poor education facilities
. Poor transportation facilities
. Poor availability of energy
11. What are the uses of energy in urban areas?
Energy is used in an urban area for the following.
(a) For industrial activities
(b) For transportation
(c) For water apply
(d) For building & commercial use
(e) For cleaning of pollutants
(f) For essential services.
12. Define water conservation. Also indicate some of the water conservation techniques.
The production, development and efficient management of water resources for beneficial use is called as water conservation. The following are some of the techniques for water conservation.
Rain water harvesting
Watershed management
Construction of storage reservoirs
Reuse of industrial wastewater
Better agricultural practices
13. What do you know about watershed?
A watershed is defined as the geographic area from which water in a particular stream, lake or estuary originates. It includes entire area of land that drains into the water body. It is separate from other system by high points in the area such as hills or slopes.
14. What is watershed management?
Watershed management is a process aimed at protecting and restoring the habitat and water resources of a watershed, incorporating the needs of multiple stakeholders.
15. What are the impacts of human activities on watershed?
1. Alteration of water course
2. Addition of pollution sources
3. Urbanisation
4. Securing of channels.
16. What are the two important principles of watershed management?
The two important principles of watershed management are:
i. To preserve the environment, and
ii. To use the most cost-effective means to achieve this goal.
17. Name some of the factors causing relocation of people.
(a) Development activities
(b) Natural and man-made disasters
(c) Conservation initiatives
18. Define resettlement and rehabilitation.
Resettlement is defined as the process of simple relocation or displacement of human population without considering their individual, community or societal needs.
Rehabilitation is defined as the process of replacing the lost economic assets, rebuilding the community system that have been weakened by displacement, attending to the psychological trauma of forced separation from livelihood.
19. How do you define term ‘Environmental Ethics’?
Environment Ethics is the branch of ethics which is analyzing about human use or Earth’s limited resources.
20. What are the factors that influence climate change on the earth?
Climate change on the earth is influenced by the following factors.
Variations in the Earth’s orbital characteristics
Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations
Volcanic eruptions
Variations in solar output
21. List out any four effects of climate change.
Mean sea level is increased on an average of around 1.8mm per year.
Many ecosystems of the world have to adapt to the rapid change in global temperature.
The rate of species extinction will be increased.
Human agriculture, forestry, water resources and health will be affected.
22. Define Global warming.
Global warming is defined as the increase in temperature of the earth, which causes more changes in climate.
23. How can global warming be controlled?
i. Reduction in consumption of fossil fuel such as coal and petroleum.
ii. Use of biogas plants.
iii. Use of nuclear power plants.
iv. Increasing forest cover.
v. Use of unleaded petrol in automobiles.
vi. Installation of pollution controlling devices in automobiles and industries.
24. What are the two principal acids present in acid rain?
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and Nitric acid (HNO3)
25. Define wet deposition and dry deposition. Is there any difference in damage due to these two types of deposition?
Wet deposition refers to acidic rain, fog, and snow. As this acidic water flowers over and through the ground, it affects plants and animals in many ways. Dry deposition refers to acidic gases and particles. About half of the acidity in the atmosphere falls back to earth through dry deposition. Both wet and dry deposition can cause the same damage.
26. List any four impacts of acid rain.
Both dry and wet deposition of sulphur dioxide significantly increases the rate of corrosion of lime stone, sand and marble.
Forest tree population is effected by acid rain.
Acid rain in combination with ozone may damage the waxy coating on leaves and needles. This may weaken or damage them and provide opportunities for disease to enter the tree.
Acid rain may change the characteristics of soil and eventually pollute the streams and lakes.
27. How can we minimize the formation of acid rain?
By reducing pollution from industries,
By using other sources of energy, and
By using cleaner automobiles.
28. Define ozone.
Ozone is an odorless, colorless gas composed of three atoms of oxygen (O3).
29. Name any three most important types of CFC which are responsible for ozone depletion.
a. Trichlorofluoromethene, CFCI3 (called as CFC-11)
b. Dichlorodifluoromethane, CF2CI2 (CFC-12)
c. 1, 1, 2 Trichlorotrifluoroethane, CF2CICFC12 (CFC-113)
30. Define ozone depletion potential.
The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of a compound is defined as the measure of its ability to destroy the stratospheric ozone.
31. What do you know about Dobson unit?
Dobson Unit (DU)is the scale for measuring the amount of ozone occupying a column overhead.
One Dobson unit (1DU) is defined as 0.01mm at 00C and 1 atmospheric pressure.
32. What are the harmful effects of ozone layer depletion on human beings?
i. Reddening of skin in sun shine (Sun burn)
ii. Skin Cancer
iii. Reduction in body’s immunity to disease
iv. Eye disorders like Cataracts and Blindness
33. Define waste land.
Waste lands are defined as the lands which re unstable in ecologically and topographically with complete loss or its fertility status. In these types of lands the toxicity for the growth of crops or trees are developed due to environmental or anthropogenic problems.
34 What are the causes for formation of waste land?
· Deforestation
· Desertification
· Soil loss and
· Industrial pollution
35. What is the need for waste land reclamation?
Population of the world is increasing at an alarming rate. This increases demand for food and demand of land for shelter and other resources. The available land area should be properly utilized for making food for increasing population of the world.
Part B
1. What do you know about ‘sustainable development’? What are the important components of sustainable development?
i. Definition
ii. Aspects
iii. Measures
iv. 3R concept
v. Carrying capacity
2. What do you know about ‘water conservation’? Mention some of the techniques of water conservation.
i. Decreasing run-off losses
ii. Reducing evaporation losses
iii. Storing water in soil
iv. Reducing irrigation losses
v. Re-use of water
vi. Preventing wastage of water
vii. Increasing block pricing
3. Write a brief note on the problems and concerns about resettlement and rehabilitation of people.
i. Problems and concerns
ii. Case study
iii. Rehabilitation issues
iv. Rehabilitation policies
4. What are the impacts of acid rain on the environment?
Any 16 points with explanation
5. What do you know about ‘Ozone’ and ‘Ozone layer depletion’?
i. Definition
ii. Equations with explanation
iii. Factors affecting depletion
iv. Effects of depletion
UNIT V
Part A
1. How the population problem in India is analysed?
India’s population problem may be viewed from three aspects
(1) The absolute size of population
(2) The rate of growth of the population
(3) The age structure of the population.
2. What is population explosion?
Population explosion means rapid population growth which is unexpected and unimaginable. The graph of recent growth is referred to as a ‘J’ curve as it follows the shape of that letter, starting out low and skyrocketing straight up.
3. List the effect of population explosion.
Enormous increase in population results in
· Increased consumption of resources available in the environment and depletion of the same quickly.
· Due to over –consumption of natural resources, the environment gets deteriorated and polluted.
· There will be desertification, deforestation, soil erosion, loss of fertility and poor productivity.
· Mass poverty, poor per-capital availability of food for consumption and prevalence of disease on large scale.
· Rapid urbanization resulting in growth of slums in cities and towns.
· Inefficient management and ineffective control at all levels leading to poor quality of life.
4. What is health?
Health is considered as a quality of life that enables the individual to live most and serve best.
5. Define wellness.
Wellness is a state of optional well being. Wellness emphasizes each individual’s responsibility for making decisions that will lead not only to the prevention for disease but to the promotion of a high level of health.
6. Name some health related fitness components.
Muscular strength and endurance
Flexibility
Body composition
Cardio-vascular endurance
7. Define Demography.
It refers to the science of dealing with the study of size, composition and territorial distribution of population; it includes study of natality, fertility, mortality, migration, and social mobility.
8. What is vital statistics?
Vital statistics are referred to systematically collected and compiled data relating to vital events of life such as birth, death, marriage, divorce, adoption, etc. Vital statistics are an indication of the given situation and help us in answering many health-related queries.
9. Name the fundamental rights of an Indian citizen.
Right to equality
Right to freedom of Speech and Activity
Right against Exploitation
Right to Freedom of Religion
Cultural and Educational Rights
Right to Constitutional Remedies.
10. Write short notes on common property resources.
Our environment has a major component that does not belong to individuals. There are several commonly owned resources that all of us use as a community. The water that nature recycles, the air that we all breathe, the forests and grasslands which maintain our climate and soil, are all common property resources.
11. What is HIV and AIDS?
HIV stands for Human Immuno-deficiency Virus and is a virus that can damage the body’s defence system so that it cannot fight off certain infections. AIDS stands for (Accquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome). An HIV infected person receives a diagnosis of AIDS after developing one of the AIDS indicator illness, A positive HIV test result does not mean that person has AIDS. A diagnosis of AIDS is made by a physician using certain clinical criteria (Eg: AIDS indicator illnesses).
12. What is opportunistic infection?
Infection with HIV can weaken the immune system to the point that it has difficulty fighting off certain infections. These types of infections are known as “opportunistic infections” because they take the opportunity to weaken the immune system which causes illness of the body.
13. List the means of HIV transmission.
There are four main ways in which HIV can be passed on:
By having vaginal, anal or oral sex without a condom with someone who has HIV.
By using needles, syringes or other drug-injecting equipment that is infected with HIV.
From a woman with HIV to her baby (before or during birth) and by Breast feeding.
By receiving infected blood, blood products or donated organs as part of medical treatment.
14. Name some tests available to find HIV infection.
In addition to the EIA or ELISA and Western blot, other tests now available include:
Radio Immuno Precipitaion Assay (RIPA)
Dot –blot immuno binding assay
Immuno fluorescence assay
Nucleic acid testing
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
15. List the special features of Comprehensive programme on women and child welfare.
Personality
Reduction of Deprivation
Co-ordinational Effectivity
Maternity and Motherhood
16. What is information?
The term “information” has been defined by Eliahu Hoffinan as: “an aggregate (Collection and accumulation) of statements, or facts or figures which are conceptually by way of reasoning, logic, ideas, or any other mental “mode operation” interrelated/connected.
17. Name some applications of IT in health.
Apart from helping in the administration of hospitals, IT is playing a key role in the health industry. On the, medical care, the IT has varied applications right from the diagnosis, where there are latest tools like CT scans, Ultrasound Sonography etc. Which use It as their basis for diagnosis of ailments. Most of the ICU’s (Intensive Care Units) are now using computers to monitor the progress and condition of the patient, undergoing treatments. Apart from this, with help of IT, expert opinions from doctors away from the place can be sought with help of IT tools like video conferencing etc. Apart from this can be used in the analysis and research on various potential medicines /drugs to be used in medical treatments.
18. List the applications of IT in environment.
a. Remote Sensing
b. Geographic Information System (GIS)
c. Global Positioning System (GPS)
d. Meteorology
Part B
1. Explain about population characteristics and population explosion.
i. Definitions on Exponential growth, doubling time, Total fertility rates, Infant mortality rate, replacement level, age structure
ii. Pyramids
iii. Indian scenario on population explosion
iv. Views on population growth
1. Write notes on human rights.
i. Human rights conferences
ii. Human rights in India
iii. Rights and duties of a citizen
iv. Draft declaration of human rights and environment
3. Write notes on value education.
i. Definition
ii. Necessity
iii. Value education in the context of environment
iv. Principles
4. Explain about women and child welfare.
i. Women welfare
ii. Child welfare
5. Explain about role of Information Technology in Environment and human health.
i. Information
ii. Need for computerization
iii. Role of IT
iv. Application of IT in environment
v. Application of IT in health
vi. Application of IT in environment and health
UNIT III Part A
1. Define Air pollution.
Air pollution may be defined as the presence of impurities in excessive quantity and duration to cause adverse effects on plants, animals, human beings and materials.
2. What are the different sources of air pollution?
The two main sources of air pollution are
a. Natural Sources
b Man made or anthropogenic sources
Natural sources include dust storms, volcanoes, lightening sea salt, smoke, forest fires, etc.
The man made sources are agricultural activities, industrial growth, domestic wastes, automobile exhausts, etc,
3. What do you know about particulate?
In general the term ‘particulate’ refers to all atmospheric substances that are not gases. They can be suspended droplets or solid particles or mixtures of the two. Particulates can be composed of materials ranging in size from 100mm down 0.1 mm and less. The chemical composition of particulate pollutants is very much dependent upon the origin of the particulate.
4. What are the prime sources of particulate matter?
i. Coal fired power plants
ii. Automobiles
5. Define suspended particulate matter?
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is a complex mixture of small and large particles with size less than 100u varying origin and chemical composition.
6. Differentiate between Mist and Fog.
Mist
Mist is made up of liquid droplets generally smaller than 10um which are formed by condensation in the atmosphere or are released from industrial operations.
Fog
Fog is similar to mist but the droplet size bigger (> 10u) and water is the liquid.
Fog is sufficiently dense to incomprehensible vision.
7. What are gaseous pollutants?
These are toxic and poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide, chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulphate, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide.
8. What are the major sources of air pollution from automobiles?
The major sources of air pollution from automobiles are
Exhaust pipe ->70%
Crank case emission ->20%
Evaporations from fuel tank and Carburetor ->10%
9. What are effects of air pollution on animals?
Animals take up fluorides of air through plants. Their milk production falls and their teeth and bones are affected. They are also prone to lead poisoning and paralysis.
10. List some of the effects of air pollution on physical properties of atmosphere.
• Decrease in the visibility
• Reduction of Solar radiation
• Effects on weather conditions
• Effects on atmospheric constituents
11. Briefly describe about the impacts of carbon monoxide on human health.
At lower doses, they can impair concentration and neurobehavioral function whereas in higher doses they can cause heart pain and even death. When inhaled it has the ability to combine with haemoglobin of blood and reduce its ability in transfer of oxygen to the brain, heart, and other important organs. But carboxy haemoglobin contents of blood depend on the CO contents of the air inhale, time of exposure and the activity of the person inhaling. It is particularly dangerous to babies and people with heart disease.
12. How air pollution can be controlled at source?
• Proper use of the exhaustion equipment
• Change in process
• Modification or Replacement of equipments
• Installation of controlling equipments
13. What are the gaseous control equipments?
• Wet and dry adsorption
• Combustion or Catalytic incineration
14. What are the particulate control equipments?
• Gravitational settling chambers
• Cyclone separators
• Fabric filters (or) Bag filters
• Electrostatic precipitators
• Wet scrubbers (or) Wet collectors
15. What are bag filters?
Bag filters are the woven or non-woven fabrics used to filter the particulate laden gases. These generally of tubular shape or envelope shape. Its efficiency is about 99% and it can be used to remove particular small as 0.0mm
16. What are the factors to be considered in selection of type or fabric in fabric filters?
• Temperature of the gas
• Costiveness or abrasiveness of the particles
17. Name some of the types of wet scrubbers?
• Spray towers
• Centrifugal scrubbers
• Venturi scrubbers and
• Packed bed columns
18. Define water pollution.
Water pollution is defined as any physical, chemical or biological change in quality of water that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes the water unsuitable for needs.
19. How can you differentiate point Source from non-point source of pollution?
Point sources discharge pollutant at a specific place through pipe lines, sewer lines, or ditches into water bodies. Non point sources discharge pollutants from large and scattered area. These sources have no specific location.
20. What are the effects of inorganic substances in water?
• Makes the water unfit for drinking and other purposes.
• Corrosion of metals exposed to such waters.
• Causes skin cancers, damages to spinal, CNS, liver and kidneys.
• Reduces crop yield.
21. How do the nutrients from agricultural fields affect the watershed?
Enrichment of nutrients (Eutrophication) from surrounding watershed affects the penetration of light through the water, causing damage to the characteristic of water and aquatic life.
22. Define soil pollution.
The introduction of substances, biological organisms, or energy into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil quality, which is likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering public health and the living environment.
23. Define marine pollution.
Marine pollution is defined as “Introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy in to the marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such destructive effects harm to living resources, hazard to human health, hindrance to marine activities including fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea-water, and reduction of amenities.”
24. What is the cause of noise pollution?
· Road traffic noise
· Air traffic noise
· Rail traffic noise
· Domestic noise
· Industrial noise
· Incompatible land use
25. How can you define thermal pollution?
‘The excessive raising or lowering of water temperature above or below normal seasonal ranges in streams, lakes, or estuaries or oceans as the result of discharge of hot or cold effluents in to such water’.
26. What are solid wastes?
The wastes generated and discarded from human and animal activities that are normally solid are called as solid wastes.
27. What are solid know about on –site handling?
The activities involved in handling of solid wastes, at the point of generation, until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection are called as on –site handling. Handling requires to move the filled containers to the collection point and to return the empty containers to the generation point for the next collection.
28. What is the purpose of on-site processing?
On-site processing of solid wastes is used to recover the reusable materials from the solid wastes. This process also helps in reducing the volume of solid wastes or altering the physical form of the solid wastes.
29. Name any three on-rite processing methods.
· Manual sorting
· Compaciton
· Incineration
30. What are the types of municipal solid wastes collection system?
• Hauled container
• Stationary container systems
31. Mention the three types of containers used in collection of municipal wastes.
· Tilt frame container
· Hoist truck
· Trash trailer
32. What are the main purposes of processing techniques used in solid waste management?
• To improve the efficiency of solid waste management systems
• To recover the usable materials for reuse.
• To recover conversion products and energy.
33. List out the techniques of processing of solid wastes.
• Compaction (Mechanical volume reduction)
• Incineration (Chemical volume reduction)
• Shredding (Mechanical size reduction)
• Component separation
• Drying and Dewatering (Moisture content reduction).
34. Name some of the mechanical separation methods of solid wastes?
• Air separation
• Magnetic separation
• Screening
35. List out the three types of system used in the collection of wastewater.
· Seperation System
· Combined System
· Partially Separate system
36. What is the main objective of sludge digestion?
To break the organic matter of the sludge into liquid and sample compounds which are stable and unfold in nature.
37. How can you define hazardous wastes?
Wastes that create danger to the living community, immediately or over a period of time, are called as hazardous wastes.
38. Define half-life period.
The half-life of a radioactive substance is defined as the time taken for decaying of half of the material present.
39. What are biomedical wastes?
Any solid, semi solid or liquid waste including its containers and any intermediate product which are generated during diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human being/ animals or in production and testing of biological parts.
40. Can you list out some of the benefits of pollution prevention?
· Minimizes health risks.
· Reduces the production of pollutants to a minimum or eliminates them.
· Accelerates the reduction or elimination of pollutants.
· Helps avoid transferring pollutants from one medium to another, thereby preventing diffusion in the environment.
· Helps promote a more effective use of energy, materials and resources.
41. Define tsunami.
A tsunami (pronounced tsoo- nah-mee) is a wave train, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that vertically displaces the water.
Part B
1. What are the different sources and types of air pollutants?
i. Natural Sources
ii. Man made or anthropogenic sources
2. How do you control air pollution?
i. Dilution
ii. Control at source
3. What do you know about soil pollution? What are the different sources of soil pollution?
Definition
Sources
Urban wastes
Industrial wastes
Agricultural
Soil conditioners
Farm house wastes
Radioactive wastes
Biological agents
4. What are the different sources of marine pollution?
i. Land based sources
ii. Air based sources
iii. Maritime transportation
iv. Dumping of wastes
v. Offshore production
5. What are the causes of noise pollution?
i. Road traffic noise
ii. Air traffic noise
iii. Rail traffic noise
iv. Domestic noise
v. Industrial noise
vi. Incompatible land use noise
6. Explain clearly about the stages of solid waste management.
i. Generation
ii. Online handling and processing
iii. Collection and Transportation
iv. Processing
v. Disposal
7. What are the important stages of hazardous waste management?
i. Storage
ii. Collection and transportation
iii. Treatment
iv. Disposal
UNIT IV
Part A
1. State the declaration about the sustainable development.
The Rio declaration states that, “human beings are at the center or concern for sustainable development. They are entitled to a health and productive life in harmony with the nature. Every generation should leave air, water and soil resources without any pollution as pure as it came to the Earth.”
2. Define sustainable development.
Sustainable Development is defined as,’ the development to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’
3. What are the three important components of sustainable development?
The three important components of sustainable development are
i. Economic development (like industrial development, creating job opportunities, utilization of natural resources for developing the quality of life)
ii. Community development (providing food, shelter, cloth, education, and other essentials for the human beings).
iii. Environmental protection (providing clear air, water and environment for the present and future generations and utilization of resources in a sustainable manner).
4. Define sustainable development indicators?
Sustainable development Indicators (SDI) is various statistical values that collectively measure the capacity to meet present and future needs. SDI will provide information crucial to decisions on national policy and to the general public.
5. What are the uses of sustainable development indicators?
The indicators are used by decision makers and the policy makers at all levels in order to monitor the progress towards attaining sustainable development. These are also used to increase focus on the sustainable development.
6. Define sustainability.
Sustainability can be defined as the ability of a society or ecosystem to continue functioning into the indefinite future without being forced into decline through complete loss of its strength or overloading of key resources on which that system depends.
7. Define resistance stability and resilience stability.
Resistance stability is the ability of a system to remain stable in the face of stresses and Resilience stability of the system to recover from the disturbance occurred due to the activities happened.
8. List some of the characteristics of a sustainable society.
i. All the material processes will be designed to be of cyclic nature.
ii. There will not be any waste material or pollution of air, water, land and environment.
iii. The output from one system will be used as input to other systems.
iv. Only renewable energy will be used in the society, either directly or in the forms of hydro-power, wind power solar power and biomass.
v. The human population will be either stable in size or gradually declining.
9. Define urbanization.
Urbanization is defined as ‘the process movement of human population from rural areas to urban areas in search in search of better economic interests with better education, communication, health, civic facilities and other day to day needs.’
10. What are problems or discomforts faced by rural people?
. Lack of modernization of agricultural sector
. Lack of job opportunities
. Poor life style
. Poor health facilities
. Poor education facilities
. Poor transportation facilities
. Poor availability of energy
11. What are the uses of energy in urban areas?
Energy is used in an urban area for the following.
(a) For industrial activities
(b) For transportation
(c) For water apply
(d) For building & commercial use
(e) For cleaning of pollutants
(f) For essential services.
12. Define water conservation. Also indicate some of the water conservation techniques.
The production, development and efficient management of water resources for beneficial use is called as water conservation. The following are some of the techniques for water conservation.
Rain water harvesting
Watershed management
Construction of storage reservoirs
Reuse of industrial wastewater
Better agricultural practices
13. What do you know about watershed?
A watershed is defined as the geographic area from which water in a particular stream, lake or estuary originates. It includes entire area of land that drains into the water body. It is separate from other system by high points in the area such as hills or slopes.
14. What is watershed management?
Watershed management is a process aimed at protecting and restoring the habitat and water resources of a watershed, incorporating the needs of multiple stakeholders.
15. What are the impacts of human activities on watershed?
1. Alteration of water course
2. Addition of pollution sources
3. Urbanisation
4. Securing of channels.
16. What are the two important principles of watershed management?
The two important principles of watershed management are:
i. To preserve the environment, and
ii. To use the most cost-effective means to achieve this goal.
17. Name some of the factors causing relocation of people.
(a) Development activities
(b) Natural and man-made disasters
(c) Conservation initiatives
18. Define resettlement and rehabilitation.
Resettlement is defined as the process of simple relocation or displacement of human population without considering their individual, community or societal needs.
Rehabilitation is defined as the process of replacing the lost economic assets, rebuilding the community system that have been weakened by displacement, attending to the psychological trauma of forced separation from livelihood.
19. How do you define term ‘Environmental Ethics’?
Environment Ethics is the branch of ethics which is analyzing about human use or Earth’s limited resources.
20. What are the factors that influence climate change on the earth?
Climate change on the earth is influenced by the following factors.
Variations in the Earth’s orbital characteristics
Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations
Volcanic eruptions
Variations in solar output
21. List out any four effects of climate change.
Mean sea level is increased on an average of around 1.8mm per year.
Many ecosystems of the world have to adapt to the rapid change in global temperature.
The rate of species extinction will be increased.
Human agriculture, forestry, water resources and health will be affected.
22. Define Global warming.
Global warming is defined as the increase in temperature of the earth, which causes more changes in climate.
23. How can global warming be controlled?
i. Reduction in consumption of fossil fuel such as coal and petroleum.
ii. Use of biogas plants.
iii. Use of nuclear power plants.
iv. Increasing forest cover.
v. Use of unleaded petrol in automobiles.
vi. Installation of pollution controlling devices in automobiles and industries.
24. What are the two principal acids present in acid rain?
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and Nitric acid (HNO3)
25. Define wet deposition and dry deposition. Is there any difference in damage due to these two types of deposition?
Wet deposition refers to acidic rain, fog, and snow. As this acidic water flowers over and through the ground, it affects plants and animals in many ways. Dry deposition refers to acidic gases and particles. About half of the acidity in the atmosphere falls back to earth through dry deposition. Both wet and dry deposition can cause the same damage.
26. List any four impacts of acid rain.
Both dry and wet deposition of sulphur dioxide significantly increases the rate of corrosion of lime stone, sand and marble.
Forest tree population is effected by acid rain.
Acid rain in combination with ozone may damage the waxy coating on leaves and needles. This may weaken or damage them and provide opportunities for disease to enter the tree.
Acid rain may change the characteristics of soil and eventually pollute the streams and lakes.
27. How can we minimize the formation of acid rain?
By reducing pollution from industries,
By using other sources of energy, and
By using cleaner automobiles.
28. Define ozone.
Ozone is an odorless, colorless gas composed of three atoms of oxygen (O3).
29. Name any three most important types of CFC which are responsible for ozone depletion.
a. Trichlorofluoromethene, CFCI3 (called as CFC-11)
b. Dichlorodifluoromethane, CF2CI2 (CFC-12)
c. 1, 1, 2 Trichlorotrifluoroethane, CF2CICFC12 (CFC-113)
30. Define ozone depletion potential.
The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of a compound is defined as the measure of its ability to destroy the stratospheric ozone.
31. What do you know about Dobson unit?
Dobson Unit (DU)is the scale for measuring the amount of ozone occupying a column overhead.
One Dobson unit (1DU) is defined as 0.01mm at 00C and 1 atmospheric pressure.
32. What are the harmful effects of ozone layer depletion on human beings?
i. Reddening of skin in sun shine (Sun burn)
ii. Skin Cancer
iii. Reduction in body’s immunity to disease
iv. Eye disorders like Cataracts and Blindness
33. Define waste land.
Waste lands are defined as the lands which re unstable in ecologically and topographically with complete loss or its fertility status. In these types of lands the toxicity for the growth of crops or trees are developed due to environmental or anthropogenic problems.
34 What are the causes for formation of waste land?
· Deforestation
· Desertification
· Soil loss and
· Industrial pollution
35. What is the need for waste land reclamation?
Population of the world is increasing at an alarming rate. This increases demand for food and demand of land for shelter and other resources. The available land area should be properly utilized for making food for increasing population of the world.
Part B
1. What do you know about ‘sustainable development’? What are the important components of sustainable development?
i. Definition
ii. Aspects
iii. Measures
iv. 3R concept
v. Carrying capacity
2. What do you know about ‘water conservation’? Mention some of the techniques of water conservation.
i. Decreasing run-off losses
ii. Reducing evaporation losses
iii. Storing water in soil
iv. Reducing irrigation losses
v. Re-use of water
vi. Preventing wastage of water
vii. Increasing block pricing
3. Write a brief note on the problems and concerns about resettlement and rehabilitation of people.
i. Problems and concerns
ii. Case study
iii. Rehabilitation issues
iv. Rehabilitation policies
4. What are the impacts of acid rain on the environment?
Any 16 points with explanation
5. What do you know about ‘Ozone’ and ‘Ozone layer depletion’?
i. Definition
ii. Equations with explanation
iii. Factors affecting depletion
iv. Effects of depletion
UNIT V
Part A
1. How the population problem in India is analysed?
India’s population problem may be viewed from three aspects
(1) The absolute size of population
(2) The rate of growth of the population
(3) The age structure of the population.
2. What is population explosion?
Population explosion means rapid population growth which is unexpected and unimaginable. The graph of recent growth is referred to as a ‘J’ curve as it follows the shape of that letter, starting out low and skyrocketing straight up.
3. List the effect of population explosion.
Enormous increase in population results in
· Increased consumption of resources available in the environment and depletion of the same quickly.
· Due to over –consumption of natural resources, the environment gets deteriorated and polluted.
· There will be desertification, deforestation, soil erosion, loss of fertility and poor productivity.
· Mass poverty, poor per-capital availability of food for consumption and prevalence of disease on large scale.
· Rapid urbanization resulting in growth of slums in cities and towns.
· Inefficient management and ineffective control at all levels leading to poor quality of life.
4. What is health?
Health is considered as a quality of life that enables the individual to live most and serve best.
5. Define wellness.
Wellness is a state of optional well being. Wellness emphasizes each individual’s responsibility for making decisions that will lead not only to the prevention for disease but to the promotion of a high level of health.
6. Name some health related fitness components.
Muscular strength and endurance
Flexibility
Body composition
Cardio-vascular endurance
7. Define Demography.
It refers to the science of dealing with the study of size, composition and territorial distribution of population; it includes study of natality, fertility, mortality, migration, and social mobility.
8. What is vital statistics?
Vital statistics are referred to systematically collected and compiled data relating to vital events of life such as birth, death, marriage, divorce, adoption, etc. Vital statistics are an indication of the given situation and help us in answering many health-related queries.
9. Name the fundamental rights of an Indian citizen.
Right to equality
Right to freedom of Speech and Activity
Right against Exploitation
Right to Freedom of Religion
Cultural and Educational Rights
Right to Constitutional Remedies.
10. Write short notes on common property resources.
Our environment has a major component that does not belong to individuals. There are several commonly owned resources that all of us use as a community. The water that nature recycles, the air that we all breathe, the forests and grasslands which maintain our climate and soil, are all common property resources.
11. What is HIV and AIDS?
HIV stands for Human Immuno-deficiency Virus and is a virus that can damage the body’s defence system so that it cannot fight off certain infections. AIDS stands for (Accquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome). An HIV infected person receives a diagnosis of AIDS after developing one of the AIDS indicator illness, A positive HIV test result does not mean that person has AIDS. A diagnosis of AIDS is made by a physician using certain clinical criteria (Eg: AIDS indicator illnesses).
12. What is opportunistic infection?
Infection with HIV can weaken the immune system to the point that it has difficulty fighting off certain infections. These types of infections are known as “opportunistic infections” because they take the opportunity to weaken the immune system which causes illness of the body.
13. List the means of HIV transmission.
There are four main ways in which HIV can be passed on:
By having vaginal, anal or oral sex without a condom with someone who has HIV.
By using needles, syringes or other drug-injecting equipment that is infected with HIV.
From a woman with HIV to her baby (before or during birth) and by Breast feeding.
By receiving infected blood, blood products or donated organs as part of medical treatment.
14. Name some tests available to find HIV infection.
In addition to the EIA or ELISA and Western blot, other tests now available include:
Radio Immuno Precipitaion Assay (RIPA)
Dot –blot immuno binding assay
Immuno fluorescence assay
Nucleic acid testing
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
15. List the special features of Comprehensive programme on women and child welfare.
Personality
Reduction of Deprivation
Co-ordinational Effectivity
Maternity and Motherhood
16. What is information?
The term “information” has been defined by Eliahu Hoffinan as: “an aggregate (Collection and accumulation) of statements, or facts or figures which are conceptually by way of reasoning, logic, ideas, or any other mental “mode operation” interrelated/connected.
17. Name some applications of IT in health.
Apart from helping in the administration of hospitals, IT is playing a key role in the health industry. On the, medical care, the IT has varied applications right from the diagnosis, where there are latest tools like CT scans, Ultrasound Sonography etc. Which use It as their basis for diagnosis of ailments. Most of the ICU’s (Intensive Care Units) are now using computers to monitor the progress and condition of the patient, undergoing treatments. Apart from this, with help of IT, expert opinions from doctors away from the place can be sought with help of IT tools like video conferencing etc. Apart from this can be used in the analysis and research on various potential medicines /drugs to be used in medical treatments.
18. List the applications of IT in environment.
a. Remote Sensing
b. Geographic Information System (GIS)
c. Global Positioning System (GPS)
d. Meteorology
Part B
1. Explain about population characteristics and population explosion.
i. Definitions on Exponential growth, doubling time, Total fertility rates, Infant mortality rate, replacement level, age structure
ii. Pyramids
iii. Indian scenario on population explosion
iv. Views on population growth
1. Write notes on human rights.
i. Human rights conferences
ii. Human rights in India
iii. Rights and duties of a citizen
iv. Draft declaration of human rights and environment
3. Write notes on value education.
i. Definition
ii. Necessity
iii. Value education in the context of environment
iv. Principles
4. Explain about women and child welfare.
i. Women welfare
ii. Child welfare
5. Explain about role of Information Technology in Environment and human health.
i. Information
ii. Need for computerization
iii. Role of IT
iv. Application of IT in environment
v. Application of IT in health
vi. Application of IT in environment and health
EEE ENGINEERING NOTES
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